They live in the four elements: the Nymphse in the element of water, the Sylphes in that of the air, the Pigmies in the earth, and the Salamanders in fire. They are also called Undinse, Sylvestres, Gnomi, Vulcani, etc. Each species moves only in the element to which it belongs, and neither of them can go out of its appropriate element, which is to them as the air is to us, or the water to fishes, and none of them can live in the element belonging to another class. To each elemental being the element in which it lives is transparent, invisible, and respirable, as the atmosphere is to ourselves.
- Paracelsus
The Age of the Medici (Roberto Rossellini, 1973)
The Idiots (Lars von Trier, 1998)
Founded in 1995 by Lars von Trier (an intermittently great film director) and Thomas Vinterberg (a consummately poor one), the Dogme 95 movement began as a thought experiment and rapidly became an oddly serious and even Calvinistic attempt to bring filmmaking back to its basics in an era when even the festival circuit seemed to be inundated with fatuous, overblown productions with multimillion-dollar budgets. The movement as such was announced publicly on March 13, 1995 at a Paris conference celebrating cinema’s centenary, when the sometimes flamboyant and ever-troubled von Trier threw conspicuously red Dogme pamphlets into the audience. At the heart of the Dogme 95 movement were ten commandments or “vows of chastity,” primarily relating to total renunciation of specialized lighting rigs, fake sets, props introduced to and therefore not found at locations as they naturally existed, tripods and dollies, or non-diagetic sound/music of any kind. As far as breaking the vows of chastity or transgressing against them, von Trier would go on to say that neither he, with his sublime The Idiots (which the great Jean-Luc Godard at the time said was the only good von Trier film), nor any of the other directors who made or attempted to make actual Dogme 95 films had been able to avoid breaching the basic prohibitions periodically. “We must conclude,” he went on to aver, “that the genuine Dogme film has not been made.” Well, authenticity is a Heideggerian concept and it’s as overrated as champagne or caviar. The only American to attempt to make a Dogme 95 film, in the form of Julien Donkey-Boy, Harmony Korine flagrantly broke the rules throughout the production of that estimable work of rough-and-tumble renegade videography. Korine would later defend himself by saying that though the exercise helped him to discover a more elemental or even religious idea of cinema’s properties and capabilities, “as when I was a child, the temptation to sin was always a romantic option.”
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